pyhthon繪制超炫酷的心形線星形線擺線
擺線
最簡(jiǎn)單的旋輪線就是擺線,指圓在直線上滾動(dòng)時(shí),圓周上某定點(diǎn)的軌跡。
設(shè)圓的半徑為 r ,在x軸上滾動(dòng) x距離則意味著旋轉(zhuǎn)了 x \ r 弧度,則其滾動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的擺線如下

r = 1
theta = np.arange(0,6.4,0.1)
xCircle0 = np.cos(theta)
yCircle0 = 1+np.sin(theta)
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(15,4))
ax = fig.add_subplot(autoscale_on=False,
xlim=(1,10),ylim=(0,2))
ax.grid()
circle, = ax.plot(xCircle0,yCircle0,'-',lw=1)
point, = ax.plot([1],[1],'o')
trace, = ax.plot([],[],'-', lw=1)
theta_text = ax.text(0.02,0.85,'',transform=ax.transAxes)
textTemplate = '''x = %.1f°\n'''
xs,ys = [], []
def animate(x):
if(x==0):
xs.clear()
ys.clear()
xCycloid = x + r*np.cos(-x) #由于是向右順時(shí)針滾,所以角度為負(fù)
yCycloid = 1 + r*np.sin(-x)
xCircle = xCircle0+x
xs.append(xCycloid)
ys.append(yCycloid)
circle.set_data(xCircle,yCircle0)
point.set_data([xCycloid],[yCycloid])
trace.set_data(xs,ys)
theta_text.set_text(textTemplate % x)
return circle, point, trace, theta_text
frames = np.arange(0,10,0.02)
ani = animation.FuncAnimation(fig, animate, frames,
interval=5, blit=True)
ani.save("Cycloid.gif")
plt.show()
如果選取圓內(nèi)或圓外的一點(diǎn)描成軌跡,則為次擺線,圓外點(diǎn)的軌跡為長(zhǎng)幅擺線,

反之則為短幅擺線

代碼
r = 1
rIn = 0.5
theta = np.arange(0,6.4,0.1)
xCircle0 = np.cos(theta)
yCircle0 = 1+np.sin(theta)
xCircleOut0 = rIn*np.cos(theta)
yCircleOut0 = 1+rIn*np.sin(theta)
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(20,3))
ax = fig.add_subplot(autoscale_on=False,
xlim=(1,15),ylim=(0,2))
ax.grid()
circle, = ax.plot(xCircle0,yCircle0,'-',lw=1)
circleOut, = ax.plot(xCircleOut0,yCircleOut0,linestyle='--',lw=1)
point, = ax.plot([1],[1],'o')
pointOut, = ax.plot([1],[1.5],'o')
trace, = ax.plot([],[],'-', lw=1)
theta_text = ax.text(0.02,0.85,'',transform=ax.transAxes)
textTemplate = '''x = %.1f\n'''
xs,ys = [], []
def animate(x):
if(x==0):
xs.clear()
ys.clear()
xCycloid = x + r*np.cos(-x)
yCycloid = 1 + r*np.sin(-x)
xCycloidOut = x + rIn*np.cos(-x)
yCycloidOut = 1 + rIn*np.sin(-x)
xs.append(xCycloidOut)
ys.append(yCycloidOut)
circle.set_data(xCircle0+x,yCircle0)
circleOut.set_data(xCircleOut0+x,yCircleOut0)
point.set_data([xCycloid],[yCycloid])
pointOut.set_data([xCycloidOut],[yCycloidOut])
trace.set_data(xs,ys)
theta_text.set_text(textTemplate % x)
return circle, circleOut, point, pointOut, trace, theta_text
frames = np.arange(0,15,0.1)
ani = animation.FuncAnimation(fig, animate, frames,
interval=50, blit=True)
ani.save("Cycloid.gif")
plt.show()

隨著 λ 的變化,圖像的變化過(guò)程為

外擺線和心臟線
如果在一個(gè)圓繞著另一個(gè)固定的圓滾動(dòng),如果在圓外滾動(dòng),則動(dòng)圓上的某相對(duì)固定點(diǎn)的軌跡為外擺線;若在圓內(nèi)滾動(dòng),則某點(diǎn)的軌跡為內(nèi)擺線。設(shè)定圓半徑為 a ,動(dòng)圓半徑為 b ,則繞行旋轉(zhuǎn) t度后,動(dòng)圓圓心圓心位置為


若選點(diǎn) ( a , 0 ) 作為起點(diǎn),則外擺線的參數(shù)方程為

a = b 時(shí)就得到了著名的心臟線,被許多直男奉為經(jīng)典

a = 1
b = 1
theta = np.arange(0,6.4,0.05)
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
ax = fig.add_subplot(autoscale_on=False,
xlim=(-3,3),ylim=(-3,3))
theta_text = ax.text(0.02,0.85,'',transform=ax.transAxes)
textTemplate = '''θ = %.1f°\n'''
ax.grid()
xCircle,yCircle = np.cos(theta),np.sin(theta)
ax.plot(a*xCircle,a*yCircle,'-',lw=1)
pt, = ax.plot([a+b],[0],'*')
cir, = ax.plot(a+b+b*yCircle,b*yCircle,'-',lw=1)
cycloid, = ax.plot([], [], '-', lw=1)
xs,ys = [],[]
def animate(t):
if(t==0):
xs.clear()
ys.clear()
cenX = (a+b)*np.cos(t)
cenY = (a+b)*np.sin(t)
cir.set_data(cenX+b*xCircle,cenY+b*yCircle)
newX = cenX - b*np.cos((a+b)/b*t)
newY = cenY - b*np.sin((a+b)/b*t)
xs.append(newX)
ys.append(newY)
pt.set_data([newX],[newY])
cycloid.set_data(xs,ys)
theta_text.set_text(textTemplate % t)
return cycloid, cir, pt, theta_text
ani = animation.FuncAnimation(fig, animate, theta,
interval=50, blit=True)
ani.save("Cycloid.gif")
plt.show()
如果更改 a \ b比值,則可得到

a \ b=5

a \ b=1\2

a \ b=2\3

對(duì) a\b進(jìn)行約分得到 m\ n,曲線由m支組成,總共繞定圓 n周,然后閉合。觀察 1 \b = 1 \2 時(shí)的曲線,可以看到其前 p i 個(gè)值和后 π 個(gè)值組成的心形更好看。
如果 a\b是無(wú)理數(shù),則永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)閉合,例如令 b = e ,由于圖片超過(guò)5M,所以就不上傳了。這個(gè)圖總共轉(zhuǎn)了17圈,到后期十分考驗(yàn)視力,為了讓規(guī)律更清晰,我們選擇只繪制尖點(diǎn)附近的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài),

內(nèi)擺線與星形線
當(dāng)動(dòng)圓在定圓內(nèi)部轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí),則為內(nèi)擺線,其方程為


a\b=4

a\b=5

a \b = 1\3

當(dāng) a \b = 4 時(shí),其方程可化簡(jiǎn)為

被稱(chēng)為星形線。
接下來(lái)按照慣例,畫(huà)一下隨著 a\ b 比值的變化,內(nèi)外擺線形狀的變化過(guò)程

內(nèi)擺線

代碼如下
#test.py
import argparse #用于命令行的交互
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument('bStart', type=float)
parser.add_argument('bEnd', type=float)
args = parser.parse_args()
a = 1
bStart = args.bStart
bEnd = args.bEnd
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
ax = fig.add_subplot(autoscale_on=False,
xlim=(-(a+2*bEnd),(a+2*bEnd)),ylim=(-(a+2*bEnd),(a+2*bEnd)))
theta_text = ax.text(0.02,0.85,'',transform=ax.transAxes)
textTemplate = '''a=1, b= %.2f\n'''
ax.grid()
t = np.arange(0,6.4,0.05)
ax.plot(a*np.cos(t),a*np.sin(t),'-',lw=1)
cycloid, = ax.plot([], [], '-', lw=1)
xs,ys = [],[]
t = np.arange(0,30,0.05)
def animate(b):
xs = (a+b)*np.cos(t) - b*np.cos((a+b)/b*t)
ys = (a+b)*np.sin(t) - b*np.sin((a+b)/b*t)
cycloid.set_data(xs,ys)
theta_text.set_text(textTemplate % b)
return cycloid, theta_text
ani = animation.FuncAnimation(fig, animate, np.arange(bEnd,bStart,-0.02),
interval=50, blit=True)
plt.show()
ani.save("Cycloid.gif")
在命令行中輸入
python test.py -2 2
內(nèi)擺線和外擺線同常規(guī)的擺線一樣,皆具有對(duì)應(yīng)的長(zhǎng)輻或短輻形式,其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程為

當(dāng) b > 0時(shí)為外擺線, b < 0時(shí)為內(nèi)擺線,對(duì)于星形線而言,其變化過(guò)程如圖所示

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